SOCIALIZATION
Socialization is the lifelong process through which people learn the values and norms of a given society
The process of socialization begins at birth. It is a continuous process because social learning never ends. However, childhood is the most important stage in the process of socialization during which a child internalizes or learns most of the values, beliefs, norms, attitudes and behavior patterns of its family. The parents can be viewed as the socializing agents and the child as the socialize.
Education and Socialization
some societies, especially-in tribal societies, the education and socialization of the young - takes place without extensive formal educational institutions. However, education as a process of learning is universal and takes place everywhere whether one lives in a city, village, and jungle or in a desert. The universality of learning however, does not mean that all learning is socialization just as all education is not socialization.
A child, in the first instance, is a member of a family. But he or she is also a member of a larger kin-group (Blradri, Khandan etc.) consisting of brothers, sisters and other relatives of the parents. Membership of these groups and institutions imposes certain behavioral norms and values on each member.
we are members of various groups simultaneously. For instance, we are a member of family, a biradri, a khandan, or a kunba, or a society, of a school or college all at the same time.
Corresponding to these memberships there are roles that are performed, e.g., that of a son, daughter, grand child or a student. These are multiple roles which are performed simultaneously. The process of learning the norms, attitudes, values or behavioral patterns of these groups begins early in life and continues throughout one's life.
According to Emile Durkheim Socialization also transmits knowledge from one generation to the next. Social solidarity requires conformity to norms, rules and values as prescribed by the society. When groups assemble and reinforce the feelings of solidarity e.g., wedding, or religious festivals, mourning etc., these occasions help express the solidarity of the family and the kih group. Republic Day and the Independence Day are occasions to express the solidarity of the nation.
Socialization may not be able to command complete conformity from all members of the society For example, students may be encouraged to be exposed to mass-media. However, if mass media teaches fundamentalism and extreme conservatism, the conformity of students to liberal values is likely to be reduced.
The needs of individuals are divided by psychologists into primary and secondary needs. The primary needs are those which are in-born such as thirst and hunger The secondary needs are, for example, the need for learning or to work. Secondary needs are those which emerge, in the way, to satisfy primary needs.
the process of socialization or learning of social roles continues throughout life. As the individual becomes a member of different social groups and institutions, it begins to learn new norms and values. For example, when one joins school one has to learn the discipline of the school and the role of a student.
Re-socialization
Re-socialization is a process of altering ones behavior pattern and in the process imbibing new social values and behavior patterns. child becomes a member of its family first, and learns to play the role of a son or daughter, or that of a grandson or a grand daughter.
play in the neighborhood, one makes friends and follows the norms of the group.
When a daughter is engaged to be married the process of new socialization or re-socialization starts. She may be given instructions on how to behave in, the presence of her in-laws. Among Punjabi Hindu families a daughter does not cover her head in front of her elders before her marriage nor does she touch their feet.
Anticipatory socialization
Anticipatory socialization refers to the process whereby an individual or a group emulates the values, norms and behavior patterns of a group other than to which one belongs, in anticipation of being accepted as its member. Thus, the concept of anticipatory socialization is related to the reference group theory
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